Aditya Mission

Why in news?

• Aditya L1 solar mission of the ISRO is continuously sending data about the Sun.

What is the Aditya-L1 mission?

• Aditya-L1is the first space-based Indian observatory to study the Sun. It was launched on September 2, 2023 by the PSLV-C57.
• Solar observatory is placed at Lagrangian pointL1 for “Observing and understanding the chromospheric and coronal dynamics of the Sun” in a continuous manner.
• Placing the Aditya-L1 in a halo orbit around L1 point has advantages as compared to placing in a Low Earth Orbit (LEO):
  • It provides a smooth Sun-spacecraft velocity change throughout the orbit, appropriate for helioseismology.
  • It is outside of the magnetosphere of Earth, thus suitable for the “in situ” sampling of the solar wind and particles.
  • It allows unobstructed, continuous observation of the Sun, and view of earth for enabling continuous communication to ground stations.
• It is equipped with seven payloads(instruments) on board with four of them carrying out remote sensing of the Sun and three of them carrying in-situ observation.

What are the seven payloads?

• The Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)will study the Corona, imaging and spectroscopy, and Coronal mass ejections.
• The Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)will focus upon the Photosphere and Chromosphere imaging- narrow and broadband. It will also measure the solar irradiance variations.
• The Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS)and High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS) will study the soft and hard X-ray flares from the Sun over a wide X-ray energy range.
• The Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX)and Plasma Analyser Package For Aditya (PAPA) will analyze the electrons and protons in the Solar wind or particles. It will also study the energetic ions.
• The Advanced Tri-axial High Resolution Digital Magnetometerswill study the interplanetary magnetic field at L1 point.

Reforming Multilateral Development Banks

Why in news?

• Recently, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank focus on reforming Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) to address 21st-century challenges.

About the MDBs and India

• MDBs play a crucial role in global economic development, providing financial and technical assistance to developing countriesfor development programs by promoting economic growth, particularly in low and middle-income countries.
• India, as one of the largest economies in the world, has a significant relationship with MDBs, which has evolved over time.

India’s Engagement with MDBs

• India has been actively engaging with MDBs to address its development needs and to contribute to global economic stability.
• The country has been a recipient of financial and technical assistance from MDBs for various development projects, including infrastructure development, poverty reduction, and climate change mitigation.

Need for Reform

• The current legal and institutional framework of MDBs, established in the aftermath of World War II, is increasingly seen as outdated and inadequateto deal with the complexities of the 21st-century global ecosystem.
• The framework does not reflect the contemporary realities and aspirationsof developing countries, especially those of the Global South.
• MDBs are facing several challenges that affect their relevance and performance.
  • These include the need to enhance coordination among MDBs, address the rising demand for their resources, and evolve their operational strategies and business models.

Reform Agenda

• It encompasses efforts being undertaken by various MDBs to evolve their vision, incentive structures, operational approaches, and financial capacities.
• The aim is to equip MDBs to address the challenges of the 21st century in addition to the development needs of low and middle income countries.
• A key element of the reform agenda is to enhance coordination among MDBs.
  • Addressing new global challenges will require resources and capabilities of a magnitude beyond the capability of any single MDB.

India’s G20 Presidency and MDB Reforms

• The current dynamism on the reform agenda stems primarily from the pressure exerted by the shareholders via various forums, including theUN, the G7, and the G20.
  • Among these, the role of the G20 has been particularly crucial.
• The G20 has set up an Independent Expert Group (IEG)to construct a roadmap for ‘Multilateralism 2.0’.
  • It proposed a ‘Triple Agenda’ for MDBs.
• During its G20 presidency in 2023, India emphasised the need for comprehensive reforms of MDBs.
• It highlighted the importance of strengthening MDBs to address shared global challenges, such as climate change and sustainable development.
• Under the aegis of India’s G20 Presidency, an Expert Group on ‘Strengthening Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs)’was constituted.

MDBs and India’s Development Goals

• India has leveraged MDBs’ resources and expertise to achieve its development goals.
  • It has sought MDBs’ assistance for various development projects, including infrastructure development, poverty reduction, and climate change mitigation.
• India has reached out to MDBs to draw a roadmap for becoming a developed nation by 2047.
  • It has asked MDBs to share their project implementation expertise and help in this endeavour.

Conclusion

• India’s relationship with MDBs is a strategic partnership that has evolved over time and has leveraged MDBs’ resources and expertise to achieve its development goals and contribute to global economic stability.
• The reform of MDBs is a complex and challenging task that requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including MDBs themselves, their shareholders, and the international community.
• However, with the right vision, strategies, and actions, MDBs can be transformed into more effective and responsive institutions, better equipped to address the development challenges of the 21st century.