Prelims – 1st Nov 23

PPP Investment Models

BOT

Private partner is responsible to design, build, operate (as per the contract) and transfer back the facility to the public sector.
Private sector partner has to bring the finance for the project.
The national highway projects contracted out by NHAI under PPP mode is a major example for the BOT model.

BOT-Annuity

The private entity is responsible for designing, building, managing, and maintaining the asset.
However, the risk for the private entity is low as it receives a fixed sum as annuity from the public entity at regular intervals throughout the duration of the contract

BOO

Government allows a private company to finance, build and operate infrastructure over a specified period, and the private company retains ownership of the infrastructure.

BOOT Model

Private partner has the responsibility for construction and operations. Ownership is with the private partner for the duration of the concession.

EPC Model

Private entity is responsible for designing, financing and building the asset. Then it is transferred to the public entity.

HAM

In this model, the public entity finances 40% of the project cost, and private entity has to finance the remaining 60%
The ownership, as well as operations, remain the responsibility of the public entity while the private entity only has to provide the engineering expertise.

It is an online platform that aims to advance the rights of traders and consumers and other sections of society, and shape policy to boost the digital trade economy.
The forum aims to raise awareness about digital regulations and help build the capacities of citizens to engage with innovation via expert sessions and instructional materials.
Objective: To shape policy discourse around digital economy trade in India with a view to contributing to the Government of India’s vision of creating a trillion-dollar digital economy while maintaining an open, safe, trusted and accountable internet ecosystem.
It will conduct awareness camps, digital and physical dialogues and trainings, as well as targeted outreach to stakeholders from government, private sector and civil society,

It is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977.
It is part of the Voyager program, which also includes Voyager 1.
Primary mission: To study the outer planets of our solar system and their moons, and then continue an interstellar mission.
It is the second spacecraft to enter interstellar space. On Dec. 10, 2018, the spacecraft joined its twin—Voyager 1—as the only human-made objects to enter the space between the stars.
It carries a Golden Record, a phonograph record containing sounds and images from Earth, intended to be a message to any potential extraterrestrial civilizations it might encounter in the future.