Jal Jeevan Mission
Recently, importance of Jal Jeevan Mission was reiterated by our Prime Minister.
About
Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) is a flagship programme of the Government of India launched in 2019 intending to provide Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household by 2024. The mission is based on the principle of community ownership and management of water resources and infrastructure. It comes under Jal Shakti Ministry.
- It aims to provide 55 litres per capita per day (lpcd) of potable water to every rural household through FHTCs, as well as water for public institutions like schools, anganwadis, health centres, etc.
- The users are expected to pay a nominal user fee for the O&M of the water supply systems.
- Paani Samitis are responsible for ensuring that the service delivery standards are met and grievances are redressed.
- It also promotes groundwater recharge through point recharge sources, rainwater harvesting, afforestation, de-silting of minor irrigation tanks, rejuvenation of water bodies, etc.
- Demand-driven and decentralized programme that empowers Gram Panchayats and their sub-committees, such as Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) or Paani Samitis, to plan, implement, operate and maintain their water supply systems.
- JJM harnesses evolving technologies for water quality monitoring and surveillance, operation and maintenance, treatment, etc.
- JJM is aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG 6 on clean water and sanitation, as well as the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) guidelines and the National Water Policy (2012).
Funding
- JJM provides flexible and increased financing to the states and UTs through a combination of central and state funds, convergence with other schemes like MGNREGA, SBM 2.0, etc., and community contribution of 5% or 10% of the capital expenditure depending on the category of the village.
- The fund-sharing pattern between the centre and the states/UTs is;
- 90:10 for Himalayan and North-Eastern states/UTs
- 50:50 for other states/UTs
- 100:0 for UTs without legislature
- 100:0 for aspirational districts
Four states namely Goa, Telangana, Gujarat, and Haryana and UTs – Puducherry, Daman & Diu and Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Andaman & Nicobar – reported as Har Ghar Jal i.e. every rural household has provision of tap water supply.
Some Data related to Water
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El-Nino
Why in news?
Recently, El-Nino’s impact on monsoon was discussed by experts.
About
Normal Condition
- In a normal year, a surface low pressure develops in the region of northern Australia and Indonesia and a high pressure system over the coast of Peru.
- During normal conditions in the Pacific ocean, trade winds blow west along the equator, taking warm water from South America towards Asia.
- The easterly flow of the trade winds carries warm surface waters westward, bringing convective storms (thunderstorms) to Indonesia and coastal Australia.
- To replace that warm water (in South American Coast), cold water rises from the depths — a process called upwelling.
- Along the coast of Peru, cold bottom cold nutrient rich water wells up to the surface to replace the warm water that is pulled to the west.
- El Niño and La Niña are two opposing climate patterns that break these normal conditions. Scientists call these phenomena the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
| Walker Circulation
The Walker circulation (walker cell) is caused by the pressure gradient force that results from a high pressure system over the eastern Pacific ocean, and a low pressure system over Indonesia.
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Condition during El Nino
- El Niño means Little Boy in Spanish.
- In an El Niño year, air pressure drops over large areas of the central Pacific and along the coast of South America.
- During El Niño, trade winds weaken. Warm water is pushed back east, toward the west coast of the Americas.
- This change in pressure pattern causes the trade winds to be reduced == Weak Walker Cell. Sometimes Walker Cell might even get reversed.
- This reduction allows the equatorial counter current (current along doldrums) to accumulate warm ocean water along the coastlines of Peru and Ecuador. This stops the upwelling of cold deep water along the coast of Peru.
- Fish catches off the coast of South America were lower than in the normal year
- Climatically, the development of an El Niño brings drought to the western Pacific, rains to the equatorial coast of South America, and convective storms and hurricanes to the central Pacific. Severe droughts occur in Australia, Indonesia, India and southern Africa.
What is the Impact El Nino 2023 on India?
- Weak Monsoon for India: The development of an El Nino in May or June 2023 may cause weakening of the southwest monsoon season, which brings around 70% of the total rainfall India receives and on which most of its farmers still depend.
- However, sub-seasonal factors such as the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and monsoon low-pressure systems can temporarily enhance rainfall in some parts as witnessed in the year 2015.
- Hot Temperatures: It may also cause heatwaves and droughts in India and other regions around the world such as South Africa, Australia, Indonesia and the Pacific Islands.
